Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2012

SEC. 904. TRIBAL JURISDICTION OVER CRIMES OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE.

Title II of Public Law 90-284 (25 U.S.C. 1301 et seq.) (commonly known as the `Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968′) is amended by adding at the end the following:

`SEC. 204. TRIBAL JURISDICTION OVER CRIMES OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE.

`(a) Definitions- In this section:

• `(1) DATING VIOLENCE- The term `dating violence’ means violence committed by a person who is or has been in a social relationship of a romantic or intimate nature with the victim, as determined by the length of the relationship, the type of relationship, and the frequency of interaction between the persons involved in the relationship.

• `(2) DOMESTIC VIOLENCE- The term `domestic violence’ means violence committed by a current or former spouse or intimate partner of the victim, by a person with whom the victim shares a child in common, by a person who is cohabitating with or has cohabitated with the victim as a spouse or intimate partner, or by a person similarly situated to a spouse of the victim under the domestic- or family- violence laws of an Indian tribe that has jurisdiction over the Indian country where the violence occurs.

• `(3) INDIAN COUNTRY- The term `Indian country’ has the meaning given the term in section 1151 of title 18, United States Code.

• • • `(4) PARTICIPATING TRIBE- The term `p
    articipating tribe’ means an Indian tribe that elects to exercise special domestic violence criminal jurisdiction over the Indian country of that Indian tribe

• `(5) PROTECTION ORDER- The term `protection order’–

• • `(A) means any injunction, restraining order, or other order issued by a civil or criminal court for the purpose of preventing violent or threatening acts or harassment against, sexual violence against, contact or communication with, or physical proximity to, another person; and

• • `(B) includes any temporary or final order issued by a civil or criminal court, whether obtained by filing an independent action or as a pendent lite order in another proceeding, if the civil or criminal order was issued in response to a complaint, petition, or motion filed by or on behalf of a person seeking protection.

• • • `(6) S
    PECIAL DOMESTIC VIOLENCE CRIMINAL JURISDICTION- The term `special domestic violence criminal jurisdiction’ means the criminal jurisdiction that a participating tribe may exercise under this section but could not otherwise exercise.

• `(7) SPOUSE OR INTIMATE PARTNER- The term `spouse or intimate partner’ has the meaning given the term in section 2266 of title 18, United States Code.

`(b) Nature of the Criminal Jurisdiction-

• • • `(1) IN GENERAL- Notwithstanding any other provision of law, in addition to all powers of self-government recognized and affirmed by sections 201 and 203, the powers of self-government of a participating tribe include the
     inherent power of that tribe, which is hereby recognized and affirmed, to exercise special domestic violence criminal jurisdiction over all persons.

• `(2) CONCURRENT JURISDICTION- The exercise of special domestic violence criminal jurisdiction by a participating tribe shall be concurrent with the jurisdiction of the United States, of a State, or of both.

• `(3) APPLICABILITY- Nothing in this section–

• • `(A) creates or eliminates any Federal or State criminal jurisdiction over Indian country; or

• • `(B) affects the authority of the United States or any State government that has been delegated authority by the United States to investigate and prosecute a criminal violation in Indian country.

• `(4) EXCEPTIONS-

• • `(A) VICTIM AND DEFENDANT ARE BOTH NON-INDIANS-

• • • • • `(i) IN GENERAL-
         A participating tribe may not exercise special domestic violence criminal jurisdiction over an alleged offense if neither the defendant nor the alleged victim is an Indian.

• • • `(ii) DEFINITION OF VICTIM- In this subparagraph and with respect to a criminal proceeding in which a participating tribe exercises special domestic violence criminal jurisdiction based on a violation of a protection order, the term `victim’ means a person specifically protected by a protection order that the defendant allegedly violated.

• • • `(B) DEFENDANT LACKS TIES TO THE INDIAN TRIBE-

 A participating tribe may exercise special domestic violence criminal jurisdiction over a defendant only if the defendant–

• • • • • `(i)
         resides in the Indian country of the participating tribe;

• • • • • `(ii) is
         employed in the Indian country of the participating tribe; or

• • • • • `(iii) is a
         spouse, intimate partner, or dating partner of–

• • • • `(I) a member of the participating tribe; or

• • • • `(II) an Indian who resides in the Indian country of the participating tribe.

`(c) Criminal Conduct- A participating tribe may exercise special domestic violence criminal jurisdiction over a defendant for criminal conduct that falls into one or more of the following categories:

• `(1) DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND DATING VIOLENCE- An act of domestic violence or dating violence that occurs in the Indian country of the participating tribe.

• `(2) VIOLATIONS OF PROTECTION ORDERS- An act that–

• • `(A) occurs in the Indian country of the participating tribe; and

• • `(B) violates the portion of a protection order that–

• • • `(i) prohibits or provides protection against violent or threatening acts or harassment against, sexual violence against, contact or communication with, or physical proximity to, another person;

• • • `(ii) was issued against the defendant;

• • • `(iii) is enforceable by the participating tribe; and

• • • `(iv) is consistent with section 2265(b) of title 18, United States Code.

`(d) Rights of Defendants- In a criminal proceeding in which a participating tribe exercises special domestic violence criminal jurisdiction, the participating tribe shall provide to the defendant–

• `(1) all applicable rights under this Act;

• `(2) if a term of imprisonment of any length may be imposed, all rights described in section 202(c);

• • • `(3) the right to a trial by an 
     impartial jury that is drawn from sources that–

• • • • `(A) reflect a fair
       cross section of the community; and

• • • • `(B)
       do not systematically exclude any distinctive group in the community, including non-Indians; and

• • • `(4)
     all other rights whose protection is necessary under the Constitution of the United States in order for Congress to recognize and affirm the inherent power of the participating tribe to exercise special domestic violence criminal jurisdiction over the defendant.

`(e) Petitions To Stay Detention-

• `(1) IN GENERAL- A person who has filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in a court of the United States under section 203 may petition that court to stay further detention of that person by the participating tribe.

• `(2) GRANT OF STAY- A court shall grant a stay described in paragraph (1) if the court–

• • `(A) finds that there is a substantial likelihood that the habeas corpus petition will be granted; and

• • `(B) after giving each alleged victim in the matter an opportunity to be heard, finds by clear and convincing evidence that under conditions imposed by the court, the petitioner is not likely to flee or pose a danger to any person or the community if released.

• `(3) NOTICE- An Indian tribe that has ordered the detention of any person has a duty to timely notify such person of his rights and privileges under this subsection and under section 203.

`(f) Grants to Tribal Governments- The Attorney General may award grants to the governments of Indian tribes (or to authorized designees of those governments)–

• `(1) to strengthen tribal criminal justice systems to assist Indian tribes in exercising special domestic violence criminal jurisdiction, including–

• • `(A) law enforcement (including the capacity of law enforcement or court personnel to enter information into and obtain information from national crime information databases);

• • `(B) prosecution;

• • `(C) trial and appellate courts;

• • `(D) probation systems;

• • `(E) detention and correctional facilities;

• • • • `(F)
       alternative rehabilitation centers;

• • • • `(G)
       culturally appropriate services and assistance for victims and their families; and

• • `(H) criminal codes and rules of criminal procedure, appellate procedure, and evidence;

• `(2) to provide indigent criminal defendants with the effective assistance of licensed defense counsel, at no cost to the defendant, in criminal proceedings in which a participating tribe prosecutes a crime of domestic violence or dating violence or a criminal violation of a protection order;

• `(3) to ensure that, in criminal proceedings in which a participating tribe exercises special domestic violence criminal jurisdiction, jurors are summoned, selected, and instructed in a manner consistent with all applicable requirements; and

• `(4) to accord victims of domestic violence, dating violence, and violations of protection orders rights that are similar to the rights of a crime victim described in section 3771(a) of title 18, United States Code, consistent with tribal law and custom.

`(g) Supplement, Not Supplant- Amounts made available under this section shall supplement and not supplant any other Federal, State, tribal, or local government amounts made available to carry out activities described in this section.

`(h) Authorization of Appropriations- There are authorized to be appropriated $5,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2012 through 2016 to carry out subsection (f) and to provide training, technical assistance, data collection, and evaluation of the criminal justice systems of participating tribes.’.

SEC. 905. TRIBAL PROTECTION ORDERS.

(a) In General- Section 2265 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by striking subsection (e) and inserting the following:

`(e) Tribal Court Jurisdiction- For purposes of this section, a court of an Indian tribe shall have full civil jurisdiction to issue and enforce protection orders involving any person, including the authority to enforce any orders through civil contempt proceedings, to exclude violators from Indian land, and to use other appropriate mechanisms, in matters arising anywhere in the Indian country of the Indian tribe (as defined in section 1151) or otherwise within the authority of the Indian tribe.’.

(b) Applicability- Nothing in this Act, including an amendment made by this Act, alters or modifies the jurisdiction or authority of an Indian tribe in the State of Alaska under section 2265(e) of title 18, United States Code (as in effect on the day before the date of enactment of this Act).

SEC. 906. AMENDMENTS TO THE FEDERAL ASSAULT STATUTE.

(a) In General- Section 113 of title 18, United States Code, is amended–

• (1) in subsection (a)–

• • (A) by striking paragraph (1) and inserting the following:

• `(1) Assault with intent to commit murder or a violation of section 2241 or 2242, by a fine under this title, imprisonment for not more than 20 years, or both.’;

• • (B) in paragraph (2), by striking `felony under chapter 109A’ and inserting `violation of section 2241 or 2242′;

• • (C) in paragraph (3) by striking `and without just cause or excuse,’;

• • (D) in paragraph (4), by striking `six months’ and inserting `1 year’;

• • (E) in paragraph (7)–

• • • (i) by striking `substantial bodily injury to an individual who has not attained the age of 16 years’ and inserting `substantial bodily injury to a spouse or intimate partner, a dating partner, or an individual who has not attained the age of 16 years’; and

• • • (ii) by striking `fine’ and inserting `a fine’; and

• • (F) by adding at the end the following:

• `(8) Assault of a spouse, intimate partner, or dating partner by strangling, suffocating, or attempting to strangle or suffocate, by a fine under this title, imprisonment for not more than 10 years, or both.’; and

• (2) in subsection (b)–

• • (A) by striking `(b) As used in this subsection–‘ and inserting the following:

`(b) Definitions- In this section–‘;

• • (B) in paragraph (1)(B), by striking `and’ at the end;

• • (C) in paragraph (2), by striking the period at the end and inserting a semicolon; and

• • (D) by adding at the end the following:

• `(3) the terms `dating partner’ and `spouse or intimate partner’ have the meanings given those terms in section 2266;

• `(4) the term `strangling’ means intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly impeding the normal breathing or circulation of the blood of a person by applying pressure to the throat or neck, regardless of whether that conduct results in any visible injury or whether there is any intent to kill or protractedly injure the victim; and

• `(5) the term `suffocating’ means intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly impeding the normal breathing of a person by covering the mouth of the person, the nose of the person, or both, regardless of whether that conduct results in any visible injury or whether there is any intent to kill or protractedly injure the victim.’.

(b) Indian Major Crimes- Section 1153(a) of title 18, United States Code, is amended by striking `assault with intent to commit murder, assault with a dangerous weapon, assault resulting in serious bodily injury (as defined in section 1365 of this title)’ and inserting `a felony assault under section 113′.

(c) Repeat Offenders- Section 2265A(b)(1)(B) of title 18, United States Code, is amended by inserting `or tribal’ after `State’.

SEC. 907. ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH ON VIOLENCE AGAINST INDIAN WOMEN.

(a) In General- Section 904(a) of the Violence Against Women and Department of Justice Reauthorization Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 3796gg-10 note) is amended–

• (1) in paragraph (1)–

• • (A) by striking `The National’ and inserting `Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2011, the National’; and

• • (B) by inserting `and in Native villages (as defined in section 3 of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (43 U.S.C. 1602))’ before the period at the end;

• (2) in paragraph (2)(A)–

• • (A) in clause (iv), by striking `and’ at the end;

• • (B) in clause (v), by striking the period at the end and inserting `; and’; and

• • (C) by adding at the end the following:

• • • `(vi) sex trafficking.’;

• (3) in paragraph (4), by striking `this Act’ and inserting `the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2011′; and

• (4) in paragraph (5), by striking `this section $1,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2007 and 2008′ and inserting `this subsection $1,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2012 and 2013′.

(b) Authorization of Appropriations- Section 905(b)(2) of the Violence Against Women and Department of Justice Reauthorization Act of 2005 (28 U.S.C. 534 note) is amended by striking `fiscal years 2007 through 2011′ and inserting `fiscal years 2012 through 2016′.

SEC. 908. EFFECTIVE DATES; PILOT PROJECT.

(a) General Effective Date- Except as provided in section 4 and subsection (b) of this section, the amendments made by this title shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act.

• • (b) E
  ffective Date for Special Domestic-violence Criminal Jurisdiction–

• • • (1) IN GENERAL- Except as provided in paragraph (2), subsections (b) through (d) of section 204 of Public Law 90-284 (as added by section 904) shall take effect on the date that is
     2 years after the date of enactment of this Act.

• (2) PILOT PROJECT-

• • (A) IN GENERAL- At any time during the 2-year period beginning on the date of enactment of this Act, an Indian tribe may ask the Attorney General to designate the tribe as a participating tribe under section 204(a) of Public Law 90-284 on an accelerated basis.

• • (B) PROCEDURE- The Attorney General may grant a request under subparagraph (A) after coordinating with the Secretary of the Interior, consulting with affected Indian tribes, and concluding that the criminal justice system of the requesting tribe has adequate safeguards in place to protect defendants’ rights, consistent with section 204 of Public Law 90-284.

• • (C) EFFECTIVE DATES FOR PILOT PROJECTS- An Indian tribe designated as a participating tribe under this paragraph may commence exercising special domestic violence criminal jurisdiction pursuant to subsections (b) through (d) of section 204 of Public Law 90-284 on a date established by the Attorney General, after consultation with that Indian tribe, but in no event later than the date that is 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act.

SEC. 909. INDIAN LAW AND ORDER COMMISSION; REPORT ON THE ALASKA RURAL JUSTICE AND LAW ENFORCEMENT COMMISSION.

(a) In General- Section 15(f) of the Indian Law Enforcement Reform Act (25 U.S.C. 2812(f)) is amended by striking `2 years’ and inserting `3 years’.

(b) Report- The Attorney General, in consultation with the Attorney General of the State of Alaska, the Commissioner of Public Safety of the State of Alaska, the Alaska Federation of Natives and Federally recognized Indian tribes in the State of Alaska, shall report to Congress not later than one year after enactment of this Act with respect to whether the Alaska Rural Justice and Law Enforcement Commission established under Section 112(a)(1) of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2004 should be continued and appropriations authorized for the continued work of the commission. The report may contain recommendations for legislation with respect to the scope of work and composition of the commission.

SEC.